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Ribena

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Ribena
Logo used since 2020
TypeSoft drink/fruit juice concentrate
ManufacturerSuntory
DistributorSuntory
Country of origin England
Region of originBristol
Introduced1938; 86 years ago (1938) (H.W. Carter & Co)
ColourPurple
FlavourBlackcurrant
Strawberry
Blueberry
Orange
Websitewww.ribena.co.uk
Ribena blackcurrant juice drink

Ribena (/raɪˈbiːnə/ rye-BEE-nə) is a brand of blackcurrant-based soft drink (both uncarbonated and carbonated), and fruit drink concentrate designed to be mixed with water. It is available in bottles, cans and multi-packs. Originally of English origin, it was produced by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) until 2013, when the brand was sold to Japanese beverage conglomerate Suntory.

The brand originally had a strong reputation as a healthy product for children, stemming from its distribution to children as a vitamin C supplement during World War II by the British government. Beecham, a company that has been part of GSK since 2000, bought the brand in 1955 and developed many soft drink versions. A series of scandals in the 2000s, concerning vitamin C levels, sugar levels, and the amounts of actual fruit in some of the brands, damaged its reputation as a healthy product, and by 2013, the brand was widely regarded as a soft drink.[1]

In 2013, annual worldwide sales were around £500 million. That year, GSK sold Ribena and another consumer line, Lucozade, to the Japanese multinational Suntory for £1.35 billion (equivalent to £1.95 billion in 2023).[2] In April 2018, in the United Kingdom, Ribena's longstanding recipe was changed by the addition of artificial sweeteners in response to the introduction of a sugary drinks tax by the UK government.[3]

History

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Development

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Ribena was originally manufactured in England by the Bristol-based food and drink company HW Carter as a blackcurrant squash.[4]: 132–133  Development research into pure fruit syrups for the manufacture of milkshakes had been done at the Long Ashton Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station in North Somerset using a pectinase enzyme process; Ribena was developed by biochemist Audrey Green and Vernon Charley, a scientist at the University of Bristol[5] in 1933.[6] The blackcurrant variety was found to contain high levels of vitamin C. The drink was named Ribena (from the botanical name of the blackcurrant, Ribes nigrum), by Mr S. M. Lennox of Bristol in 1938.[5]

Second World War

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During the Second World War, other fruits rich in vitamin C, like oranges, became very difficult to obtain in the United Kingdom, due to German submarine attacks on cargo ships. Blackcurrant cultivation was encouraged by the government, and the yield of the nation's crop increased significantly. Rose hips were also collected to make syrup.

The government started the Vitamin Welfare Scheme in December 1941. This provided blackcurrant syrup and cod liver oil free of charge to children under the age of two. In April 1942, the blackcurrant syrup was replaced by orange juice which was then provided by the US Lend-Lease program.[7]

Post-war

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Production moved to the new Royal Forest Factory[8] at Coleford in the Forest of Dean in late 1947, where production takes place today.

Carters was bought out by the Beecham Group in 1955.[1] In 1989, Beecham and SmithKline Beckman merged to form SmithKline Beecham,[9] and in 2000, SmithKline Beecham and GlaxoWellcome merged to form GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).[10]

Through the years GSK and its predecessors developed many soft drink versions of Ribena but it retained an image as a "healthy food" in the UK and other Commonwealth countries.[1][11]

In 2001, a formulation of the diluted Ribena cordial, sold as Ribena Toothkind (and endorsed by the British Dental Association as being less damaging to teeth than other soft drinks), was judged by the United Kingdom Advertising Standards Authority to have been advertised in a misleading manner, and claims that the drink did not encourage tooth decay should be removed from the packaging. The opinion was upheld by a hearing in the High Court.[12] In 2003, the Food Commission in the United Kingdom criticised the sugar levels in regular Ribena as contributing to childhood obesity.[13]

In 2004, Jenny Suo and a classmate in a New Zealand secondary school conducted a science experiment to determine the vitamin C levels of their favourite fruit drinks. They discovered that the "Ready to Drink Ribena" product they tested had undetectable levels of vitamin C, contrary to the brand's reputation and advertisements which said that "the blackcurrants in Ribena contain four times the vitamin C of oranges".[11] The television consumer affairs show Fair Go broadcast the story nationwide in October 2004.[11] Following further testing, in March 2007, the New Zealand Commerce Commission brought 15 charges in the Auckland District Court against GlaxoSmithKline under the Fair Trading Act.[14] In March 2007, GSK pleaded guilty and was fined NZ$217,500 (equivalent to NZ$285,180 in 2021)[15] by Auckland District Court for misleading consumers, and were ordered to run a series of corrective advertisements and place a statement on its website.[16] GSK maintained the issue only affects Australia and New Zealand, and Ribena products sold in other markets, such as the United Kingdom, contain the levels of vitamin C stated on the product label.[17]

In January 2007, a study conducted by the Australian Consumers' Association for Choice magazine reported that blackcurrant juice (from concentrate) only constituted 5% of the Ribena fruit drink product.[18]

By 2013, the brand had annual worldwide sales of about £500 million.[1] In April 2013, GSK put Ribena, along with Lucozade, up for sale to focus on its pharmaceutical business.[1][19] The eventual sale to Japanese company Suntory for £1.35 billion was announced in September 2013.[20]

A sparkling version released in 2011 but discontinued in 2014. It was brought back to supermarket shelves in 2020, launching in two flavours, blackcurrant and raspberry. This was in response to growth in the flavoured carbonate market that year.[21]

In 2022, as part of a promotion with Hasbro, a Ribena themed Monopoly edition was created. This set was distributed to 10,000 customers through an online competition.[22]

See also

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  • Tango – similarly bought by Beecham in the 1950s but sold in 1986
  • Vimto – British soft drink
  • Ramune – Japanese soft drink
  • Lucozade – British carbonated glucose drink
  • Cola – Carbonated soft drink
  • J2O – Fruit juice based still soft drink

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "We have Frank and Vernon to thank for Ribena". The Bristol Post. 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015.
  2. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  3. ^ "Sugar tax revolt: Meet the Ribena stockpilers". BBC News. 27 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  4. ^ Ashurst, Philip R., ed. (2013). Production and Packaging of Non-Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781475762969. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Bristol Scientist creates Ribena". Bristol: University of Bristol. 27 March 2007. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2011. Dr Vernon Charley, a scientist at the University's Long Ashton Agriculture and Horticulture Research, develops Ribena. It was given its name by a Mr S. M. Lennox of Bristol in 1938 and comes from the Latin name for blackcurrant, Ribes Negrum. The now-famous blackcurrant drink provided an important alternative source of vitamin C during the war years when oranges were in scarce supply and it was produced for free distribution to children by the Ministry of Food
  6. ^ "Brand Profile: Ribena". Promotional Marketing. 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  7. ^ Dewey, Peter (11 September 2014). War and Progress: Britain 1914-1945. Routledge. p. 314. ISBN 978-1-317-90014-6.
  8. ^ "Old Photos of Coleford and district — H W Carter". Sungreen.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  9. ^ "Profile: SmithKline Beecham". BBC. 18 December 2000. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  10. ^ "The Glaxo SmithKline merger". BBC News. 17 January 2000. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Jaques, Tony (2008). "When an Icon Stumbles – The Ribena Issue Mismanaged" (PDF). Corporate Communications. 13 (4): 394–406. doi:10.1108/13563280810914829. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2015..
  12. ^ "Court rules against Ribena". BBC News. 17 January 2001. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  13. ^ "Soft drinks or liquid candy?". The Food Commission. 29 January 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007.
  14. ^ Eames, David (24 March 2007). "Schoolgirls' study nabs food giant". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  15. ^ 1850-2017: "Consumer Price Index, Annual Growth". Data1850. New Zealand Institute of Economic Research. 2018-2021: "Consumers Price Index". Infoshare. StatsNZ.
  16. ^ "Ribena maker fined $192,000". The Age. March 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
  17. ^ Vasagar, Jeevan (27 March 2007). "Schoolgirls rumble Ribena vitamin claims". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  18. ^ "Foods that make kids fatter faster". Choice. January 2007. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009.
  19. ^ Neate, Rupert (24 April 2013). "Lucozade and Ribena up for sale". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2016..
  20. ^ Monaghan, Angela (9 September 2013). "Ribena and Lucozade sold to Japanese drinks giant". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2016..
  21. ^ "Ribena gets busy with the fizzy". Convenience Store. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  22. ^ "Ribena Monopoly – Limited Edition". Rich Uncle Pennybags. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
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